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Schmaltz

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about cooking fat. For the brewery, see Shmaltz Brewing Company. For the surname, see Schmaltz (surname).
"Schmalz" redirects here. For the Canadian ice hockey administrator, see Tubby Schmalz.
Schmaltz
Schmaltz derived from goose fat
TypeCooking fat or spread
Region or stateJewish communities in central and eastern Europe,[1] eventually international adoption
Created byAshkenazi Jews
Main ingredientsFat (chicken, goose, or duck)
Schmaltz (chicken)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy3,767 kJ (900 kcal)
0 g
99.8 g
Saturated30 g
Monounsaturated45 g
Polyunsaturated21 g
0 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin E
18%
2.7 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Selenium
0%
0.2 μg
Other constituentsQuantity
Cholesterol85 mg
Fat percentage can vary.
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3]

Schmaltz (also spelled schmalz or shmalz) is rendered (clarified) chicken or goose fat. It is an integral part of traditional Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine, where it has been used for centuries in a wide array of dishes, such as chicken soup, latkes, matzah brei, chopped liver, matzah balls, fried chicken, and many others, as a cooking fat, spread, or flavor enhancer.[4][5]

Etymology

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Schmaltz is a noun derived from the German verb schmelzen, meaning "to melt". The verb can be traced back to the West Germanic root *smeltan, which survives in the Modern English verb smelt. The term entered English usage through Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews who used schmaltz to refer to kosher poultry fat; the Yiddish word שמאַלץ shmalts refers to rendered chicken fat.[6][7] The English term schmaltz is derived from Yiddish and is cognate with the German term Schmalz, which refers to any rendered fat of animal origin, including lard (more precisely Schweineschmalz) and clarified butter (Butterschmalz). English use tends to follow Yiddish, which limits its meaning to rendered poultry fat.[8][9][10]

History

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Historically, chicken and to a lesser extent other poultry have been the most popular meat in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine due to restrictions on Jews who often were not allowed to own land in Europe, and thereby were not able to tend to any livestock requiring pasture. Among kosher domestic animals, only chickens and other fowl could be raised without pasturage. Schmaltz originated in the Jewish communities of north, west, and central Europe as it was an economical replacement for olive oil that typically was not available in these areas. Olive oil previously had an important role in Jewish culture. It had been used by the ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews in their Ancient Israelite cuisine prior to the forced exile of Jews from Roman Israel, and it remained popular in Sephardic and Mizrahi cuisines.[4][11][12]

As olive oil and other vegetable oils (e.g. sesame oil, which Jews had used in Mesopotamia) were unavailable in northwestern Europe, Ashkenazi Jews turned to animal sources, like their Gentile neighbors. However, kashrut prohibited Jews from using the most common cooking fats in northern Europe, namely butter and lard. Butter, being derived from milk, cannot be used with meat under the Jewish prohibition on mixing meat and dairy, while lard is derived from pork, a meat not considered kosher. Furthermore, even among the less common fats available, tallow derived from beef or mutton would have been uneconomical, particularly given that virtually all suet (the raw material for tallow) is chelev and its consumption is forbidden.[13][14][15] Thus Ashkenazi Jews turned to poultry fat as their cooking fat of choice. This fat, which they called schmaltz, became the most popular cooking fat used in the shtetls (Jewish villages) of central and eastern Europe. It was commonly used in a multitude of dishes served with, or containing, meat in accordance with kosher dietary laws.[1][4]

At the turn of the twentieth century, as the Ashkenazi Jews fled escalating antisemitism and persecution in Europe and sought refuge in the United States and other countries, they brought with them their traditional foods, including schmaltz. It remained popular in American Jewish cuisine until it fell out of common use over the course of the second half of the century due to the inconvenience involved in its preparation, health concerns regarding its saturated fat content, various diet trends, and aggressive marketing by Crisco of their vegetable shortening (which is pareve, i.e. suitable for use with both milk and meat dishes) to the Jewish community of New York.[1][4]

Over time, schmaltz was replaced with what often were vegetarian alternatives that were perceived to be healthier, such as the aforementioned vegetable shortening, then readily available olive oil, and margarine. Despite this, schmaltz remained in common use at Jewish delicatessens and Jewish restaurants as well as among those in the Haredi community.[1][4][16]

Beginning in the twenty-first century, however, schmaltz regained much of its former popularity as various celebrity chefs such as Anthony Bourdain,[17][18] Alon Shaya, Michael Solomonov,[19] Joan Nathan,[20] and others began to incorporate it into various dishes and recipes as part of emerging food trends popularizing long-forgotten Jewish foods. Schmaltz also began being used in various non-traditional ways, such as cornbread, chicken pot pie, and other foods as a flavor enhancer.[21]

Process

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The manufacture of schmaltz involves cutting the fatty tissues of a bird (chicken or goose) into small pieces, melting the fat, and collecting the drippings. Schmaltz may be prepared by a dry process where the pieces are cooked under low heat and stirred, gradually yielding their fat. A wet process also exists whereby the fat is melted by direct steam injection. The rendered schmaltz is then filtered and clarified.

Homemade Jewish-style schmaltz is made by cutting chicken or goose fat into small pieces and melting in a pan over low-to-moderate heat, generally with onions. After the majority of the fat has been extracted, the melted fat is strained through a cheesecloth into a storage container. The remaining dark brown, crispy bits of skin and onion are known in Yiddish as gribenes.

Another simple method is as a by-product of the making of chicken soup. After the chicken is simmered in the pot or crock-pot, the broth is chilled so the fat rises to the top. Then the fat can be skimmed off, at once providing schmaltz to set aside for other uses and a lower-fat soup that is heated before serving.

Uses

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Schmaltz typically has a strong aroma, and therefore, often is used for hearty recipes such as stews or roasts. It is a key ingredient in Jewish soups such as chicken soup, as well as in matzo ball soup and some cholent. Sometimes it is used as a bread spread, where it may be salted. Generally, this is consumed on Jewish rye or challah breads. It may be used to prepare foods served as part of fleishig (meat) meals such as latkes, matzah brei, or potato kugel, or instead of butter when pan-frying potatoes, onions, or other foods.[citation needed]

Debra's Schmalz label from 1951

Vegetarian schmaltz

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Various vegetarian (and consequently pareve) versions of schmaltz have been marketed, starting with Nyafat (U.S., Rokeach and Sons, 1924), which is largely coconut oil with some onion flavoring and color. Vegetable shortening also is used as a substitute.[22]

Debra's Schmalz advert from the 1950s

Vegetarian schmaltz was manufactured in South Africa from July 1951 under the brand Debra's Schmalz, with Debra referring to Debora Bregman, who founded Debras Manufacturers. Production began in Debora's kitchen at her home in Norwood before moving to a dedicated manufacturing facility and office. The slogan "Even the chicken can't tell the difference" was added soon after production began. Debra's Schmalz was eventually distributed across Southern Africa. The business was sold by the Bregman family in 1976, and Debra's Schmalz continued to be manufactured and distributed. Chef Oded Schwartz discusses Debra's Schmalz in his book In Search of Plenty — A History of Jewish Food.[23]



Derived meanings

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  • Schmaltz herring means 'fatty herring' and refers to the stage of development in the life cycle of herring when the fish contains the most fat, popular in Ashkenazi Jewish cookery, but it does not contain schmaltz.[citation needed]
  • In American English, via Yiddish, schmaltz (adj. schmaltzy) also has an informal meaning of 'excessively sentimental or florid music or art' or 'maudlin sentimentality', similar to one of the uses of the words corn or corny. Its earliest use in this sense dates to the mid-1930s.[24][25] In German, schmalzig also is used in the same sense.[citation needed]
  • Schmaltz and Schmalz are rare last names among people of German and Austrian descent.[26] Schmaltz was used as a metonymic occupational name for a chandler.[27]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Yoskowitz, Jeffrey. "Schmaltz". 100 Most Jewish Foods. Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  2. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  3. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  4. ^ a b c d e Marks, Gil. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. HMH.
  5. ^ Ruhlman, Michael. The Book of Schmaltz.
  6. ^ "schmaltz". The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved 9 January 2007.
  7. ^ "schmaltz". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). 2000. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
  8. ^ List of English words of Yiddish origin See entry schmaltz in this list
  9. ^ Foster, John (15 November 2012). Writing Skills for Public Relations. Kogan Page. ISBN 978-0749465438. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  10. ^ Ruhlman, Michael; Ruhlman, Donna (13 August 2013). The Book of Schmaltz: Love Song to a Forgotten Fat. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316254083.
  11. ^ "Olive Oil". Chabad. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  12. ^ "The Slippery History of Jews and Olive Oil". The Jewish Telegraphic Agency. JTA. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  13. ^ Ginor, Michael A. (20 August 1999). Foie Gras: A Passion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 9. ISBN 978-0471293187.
  14. ^ Alford, Katherine (1 October 2001). Caviar, Truffles, and Foie Gras: Recipes for Divine Indulgence. Chronicle Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-0811827911.
  15. ^ Lavine, Eileen (1 December 2013). "Foie Gras: The Indelicate Delicacy". Moment Magazine. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  16. ^ "What is Schmaltz?". Chabad. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  17. ^ Bourdain, Anthony. "Chopped Liver on Rye". Eat Your Books. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  18. ^ Bourdain, Anthony. Appetites: A Cookbook.
  19. ^ Solomonov and Cook, Michael and Steven. Zahav.
  20. ^ Nathan, Joan. "Joan Nathan's Matzo Ball Soup". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  21. ^ Shaya, Alon (March 13, 2018). Shaya: An Odyssey of Food, My Journey Back to Israel: A Cookbook. Knopf. p. 440. ISBN 978-0451494160.
  22. ^ "Parev Products Co. v. Rokeach & Sons (36 F.Supp. 686)". 29 January 1941. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  23. ^ "Eat, mein kind, eat". The Mail & Guardian. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
  24. ^ Webb, H. Brook (1 October 1937). "The Slang of Jazz". American Speech. 12 (3): 179–184. doi:10.2307/452424. JSTOR 452424.
  25. ^ Steig, J.A. (17 April 1937). "Profiles: Alligators' Idol". The New Yorker. Vol. 12, no. 3. pp. 27–31.
  26. ^ Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-508137-4.
  27. ^ "The Schmalz Surname at ancestry.com". Ancestry.com. Retrieved 2010-08-14.

Further reading

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  • Michael Ruhlman, Donna Turner Ruhlman (2013). The Book of Schmaltz: Lovesong to a Forgotten Fat, ISBN 978-031-625-408-3
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